Notes: Chapter 11
1. See Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., "Process and Products in Making Sense of Tropes," in Metaphor and Thought, Andrew Ortony, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2d ed., 1994), 252-76.
2. George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1987); Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Reason and Imagination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
3. Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, 271-78.
4. For an attempt to trace these ideas through many different fields and traditions, including Eastern religious thought, see Francisco J. Varela, Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991). For a discussion in the European phenomenological tradition see Hubert L. Dreyfus, What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence (New York: Harper and Row, rev. ed., 1979), 235-55.
5. Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice (Cambridge: Polity, 1990), 68-79.
6. Giambattista Vico, The New Science, Book I [2371, Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch, trans. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1968), 78.
7. George Lakoff, "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor," in Metaphor and Thought, 202-51.
8. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 90, 98.
9. Ibid., 98-99.
10. Ibid., 87-96.
11. Michael J. Reddy, "The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language About Language," in Metaphor and Thought, 164-201.
12. See Eve Sweetser, From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)
13. Steven Winter, for example, has shown how metaphorical models of understanding have shaped the growth and development of legal doctrine. Steven L. Winter, "The Meaning of `Under Color of law,' " Michigan Law Review 91 (1992): 323-418; Steven L. Winter, "Transcendental Nonsense, Metaphoric Reasoning, and the Cognitive Stakes for Law," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 137 (1989): 1105-1237; Steven L. Winter, "The Metaphor of Standing and the Problem of Self-Governance," Stanford Law Review 40 (1988): 1371-1515.
14. See Lakoff and Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, 4-5, 77-87.
15. The locus classicus of this metaphor in American free speech law is justice Holmes's dissent in Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919). 16.
16. Lakoff and Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, 157.
17. Ibid., 5.
18. Ibid., 4.
19. Donald A. Schon, "Generative Metaphor: A Perspective on Problem-Setting in Social Policy," in Metaphor and Thought, 137-63.
20. Lakoff and Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, 3 5-40; Gibbs, "Process and Products in Making Sense of Tropes," in Metaphor and Thought, 252-76, at 258-62.
21. Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, 78.
22. Ibid., 16, 161. Douglas Medin, "Concepts and Conceptual Structure," American Psychologist 44 (1989): 1469-81, at 1470.
23. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953), 6671.
24. Eleanor Rosch, "Cognitive Reference Points," Cognitive Psychology 7 (1975): 53247; Eleanor Rosch, "Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104 (1975): 192-233; Eleanor Rosch and C. B. Mervis, "Family Resemblances: Studies in the Internal Structure of Categories," Cognitive Psychology 16 (1975): 371-416; Eleanor Rosch and B. B. Lloyd, eds., Cognition and Categorization (Hillsdale, NJ.: Erlbaum, 1978).
25. Lance J. Ripps, "Inductive Judgments About Natural Categories," Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14 (1975): 665-81; Rosch, "Cognitive Reference Points"; Amos Tversky and I. Gati, "Studies of Similarity," in Rosch and Lloyd, Cognition and Categorization, 79-88; Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, 41.
26. Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, 91.
27. Ibid., 43-44, 68.
28. For a survey of the literature and the relevant debates, see Medin, "Concepts and Category Formation." A different account is offered in Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.
29. Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, 85.
30. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Probability, Representativeness, and the Conjunction Fallacy," Psychological Review 90 (1983): 293-315. 31.
31. Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, 85-86. 32.
32. Ibid., 80-84.
33. Ibid.
34. Cf. ibid., 81.
35. Ibid.
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